Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Tools for primary source analysis. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Primary Sources - Research Guides at Library of Congress They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. Pueblo, CO 81001. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. Guide. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. The Social War - Spartacus Educational Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Updated on October 07, 2019. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. Copy of Fall of Rome, Primary Sources - DocsLib The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. Graduate Admissions - New York University The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82BC were now dead. Website. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". In . "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. The collection currently contains . [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. . This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. Editor: Paul Halsall. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. 719-549-2333. Roman military leaders. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. A Timeline of the Wars of Marius and Sulla | History Hit Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. J. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. sulla primary sources. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Wikipedia entry. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. Tweet. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. He could acknowledge the law as valid. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . Historical documents : how to read them. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Learning in Black and White. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. He brought Pompeii under siege. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. Eight Ways to Teach With Primary Sources - Education Week [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.) - ThoughtCo His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. Making of America - University of Michigan Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Collections Online | British Museum Primary Sources: Definition and Examples | Grammarly [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Websites. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar.